A Quick Inventory of Modern Science. Part 3 - The living world

Continuing my inventory of modern scientific beliefs and boundaries(see Part I and Part II), here's Part III.
Living beings are the most complex and diverse creations and modern science has less firm a foundation in this domain than the Physics and Universe.

On The Living World:

- Modern scientific belief subscribes to the Darwininan theory which states that all living beings have evolved from primitive to progressively advanced forms. This is a theory based on deductive reasoning which is not quite on the same sure footing as the laws of motion because evolution cannot be observed for a fact. However, it is believed to be the most plausible theory.

- While modern scientific theory tries to explain that evolution is guided by the notion of survival of the fittest, it does not explain why the universe in its grand scheme seeks to improve the lot of the living being. As such, why does the notion of better and better species run contrary to the principle of increasing entropy ("disorder") in the universe ?

- Modern science believes that living being is fundamentally a chemical entity : a living body is a complex laboratory of matter in motion and transformation, managed by a computer called brain both voluntarily and involuntarily (involuntary like the central nervous system).

- In comparison to a computer, notions like 'Voluntary' and 'Involuntary' are hard to explain because volition pertains to 'thought' which is purely a concept (hard to explain) and these notions do not map to a computer's functioning. (A computer has no 'volition'). Modern Science is unable to answer the following questions well : If a thought manifests due to a series of neurons firing in the brain, what is the physical difference between a 'voluntary thought' versus an 'involuntary thought' ? Also, what is mind and the relationship between mind, brain and rest of the body?

- Modern science acknowledges the impact of thoughts or 'state of mind' on the body. 'Mind-body medicine' is not only recognized by the establishment, but a major therapeutic area.
Yet the concept and workings of the mind are not quite explained by physiology and run contrary to the grain of the scientific method as 'mind' is not a physically recognizable or measurable entity.

- Modern scientific belief postulates that all human actions are driven by the desire to fullfil human needs - mostly driven by the 'instinct' for survival, in accordance with the theory of evolution. The evolutionary theory accepted by Modern Science doesn't do well to explain why human beings sometimes act to sacrifice's one's own life for the benefit of others. Logically, sacrifice of one's own life for another/others would be a delusional act.